Asarar injinan AC mai hawa uku za a iya raba su zuwa asarar tagulla, asarar aluminum, asarar ƙarfe, asara ta ɓace, da asarar iska.Hudu na farko shine asarar dumama, kuma jimlar su ana kiranta duka asarar dumama.Matsakaicin asarar jan karfe, asarar aluminum, asarar ƙarfe da asarar ɓacewa zuwa jimlar asarar zafi yana bayyana lokacin da ƙarfin ya canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba.Ta misalin, ko da yake yawan amfani da jan karfe da kuma almuranum a cikin jimlar asarar zafi yana canzawa, gabaɗaya yana raguwa daga babba zuwa ƙarami, yana nuna yanayin ƙasa.Akasin haka, asarar ƙarfe da asarar da ba ta dace ba, ko da yake akwai sauye-sauye, gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa daga ƙarami zuwa babba, yana nuna haɓakar haɓaka.Lokacin da ƙarfin ya yi girma sosai, ɓarɓarwar baƙin ƙarfe ya ɓace ya wuce tagulla.Wani lokaci asarar bata ta wuce asarar tagulla da asarar ƙarfe kuma ta zama farkon abin hasarar zafi.Sake nazarin injin Y2 da lura da canjin daidaito na asara iri-iri zuwa jimillar asara yana bayyana irin waɗannan dokoki.Gane ka'idodin da ke sama, an kammala cewa nau'ikan injin wuta daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban akan rage tashin zafi da asarar zafi.Don ƙananan motoci, asarar jan karfe ya kamata a rage da farko;don matsakaita da manyan injina, asarar ƙarfe yakamata a mai da hankali kan rage asarar da ba ta dace ba.Ra'ayin cewa "ɓataccen asarar ya fi ƙarancin jan karfe da asarar ƙarfe" mai gefe ɗaya ne.An jaddada cewa mafi girman ƙarfin motar, ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai don rage asarar da ba ta dace ba.Matsakaici da manyan injinan iya aiki suna amfani da iska mai ƙarfi na sinusoidal don rage ƙarfin maganadisu mai jituwa da asara mara kyau, kuma tasirin yana da kyau sosai.Matakan daban-daban don rage asarar bata gabaɗaya baya buƙatar ƙara ingantaccen kayan aiki.
Gabatarwa
Asarar motar AC mai hawa uku za a iya raba ta zuwa asarar tagulla PCu, asarar aluminum Pal, asarar baƙin ƙarfe Pfe, asarar Ps, iska lalacewa Pfw, na farko huɗu shine asarar dumama, adadin wanda ake kira jimlar dumama asarar PQ, wanda hasarar batacce shine dalilin duk asara banda PCu asarar jan karfe, asarar aluminum Pal, asarar ƙarfe Pfe, da iska ta sa Pfw, gami da yuwuwar maganadisu mai jituwa, filin maganadisu yayyo, da kuma halin yanzu na chute.
Saboda wahalar da ake yi wajen kididdige asarar da aka yi da kuma sarkakiyar gwajin, kasashe da dama sun bayyana cewa ana kirga asarar da ta kai kashi 0.5% na karfin shigar da injin, wanda ke saukaka sabani.Duk da haka, wannan darajar yana da wuyar gaske, kuma daban-daban kayayyaki da matakai daban-daban sau da yawa sun bambanta sosai, wanda kuma yana ɓoye sabani kuma ba zai iya nuna ainihin yanayin aiki na motar ba.Kwanan nan, ɓatar da aka auna ta ɓace ya zama sananne.A cikin zamanin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arzikin duniya, al'ada ce ta gabaɗaya don samun takamaiman abin da za a iya haɗawa da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya.
A cikin wannan takarda, ana nazarin injin AC mai hawa uku.Lokacin da ƙarfin ya canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba, adadin asarar tagulla PCu, asarar aluminum Pal, asarar ƙarfe Pfe, da asarar Ps zuwa jimlar asarar zafi PQ canje-canje, kuma ana samun ma'auni.Zane da ƙera mafi dacewa kuma mafi kyau.
1. Binciken hasara na motar
1.1 Da farko lura da misali.Wata masana'anta tana fitar da samfuran E jerin samfuran injinan lantarki, kuma yanayin fasaha yana ƙayyadad da asarar da aka auna.Don sauƙin kwatanta, bari mu fara duba injinan sandar igiya 2, waɗanda ke da iko daga 0.75kW zuwa 315kW.Dangane da sakamakon gwajin, ana ƙididdige rabon asarar tagulla PCu, asarar aluminum Pal, asarar ƙarfe Pfe, da asarar Ps zuwa jimlar asarar zafi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 1.Matsakaicin a cikin adadi shine rabon asarar dumama daban-daban zuwa asarar dumama (%), abscissa shine ikon motsa jiki (kW), layin da ya karye tare da lu'u-lu'u shine rabon amfani da jan karfe, layin da aka karya tare da murabba'ai shine rabon amfani da aluminium, kuma layin da ya karye na triangle shine rabon asarar ƙarfe, kuma layin da ya karye tare da giciye shine rabon asarar da ya ɓace.
Hoto 1. Taswirar layin da aka karya na rabon jan karfe, amfani da aluminum, amfani da baƙin ƙarfe, ɓarnawar ɓarna da asarar dumama na E jerin 2-pole Motors
(1) Lokacin da ƙarfin motar ya canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba, rabon jan ƙarfe, ko da yake yana canzawa, gabaɗaya yana raguwa daga babba zuwa ƙarami, yana nuna yanayin ƙasa.0.75kW da 1.1kW suna da kusan 50%, yayin da 250kW da 315kW ba su da ƙasa da rabon 20% na aluminum amfani kuma ya canza daga babba zuwa ƙarami gabaɗaya, yana nuna yanayin ƙasa, amma canjin bai girma ba.
(2) Daga ƙarami zuwa babban ƙarfin mota, yawan asarar ƙarfe yana canzawa, kodayake akwai sauye-sauye, yana ƙaruwa gabaɗaya daga ƙarami zuwa babba, yana nuna haɓakar haɓaka.0.75kW ~ 2.2kW yana da kusan 15%, kuma idan ya fi 90kW, ya wuce 30%, wanda ya fi amfani da tagulla.
(3) Matsakaicin canjin ɓatawar ɓarna, kodayake yana canzawa, gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa daga ƙarami zuwa babba, yana nuna haɓakar haɓakawa.0.75kW ~ 1.5kW shine kusan 10%, yayin da 110kW yana kusa da amfani da tagulla.Don ƙayyadaddun bayanai sama da 132kW, yawancin asarar da suka ɓace sun wuce amfani da jan ƙarfe.Asarar 250kW da 315kW da suka ɓace sun zarce asarar tagulla da ƙarfe, kuma sun zama abin farko a cikin asarar zafi.
Motar 4-pole (wanda aka tsallake zanen layi).Rashin ƙarfe sama da 110kW ya fi asarar tagulla, kuma asarar 250kW da 315kW ya wuce asarar tagulla da asarar ƙarfe, ya zama abin farko a cikin asarar zafi.Jimlar yawan amfani da tagulla da amfani da aluminium na wannan jerin na'urorin motsa jiki na 2-6, ƙaramin motar yana da kusan kashi 65% zuwa 84% na asarar zafi duka, yayin da babban motar ya ragu zuwa 35% zuwa 50%, yayin da ƙarfe Yawan amfani shine akasin haka, ƙaramin motar yana lissafin kusan kashi 65% zuwa 84% na yawan asarar zafi.Jimlar asarar zafi shine 10% zuwa 25%, yayin da babban motar ya karu zuwa kusan 26% zuwa 38%.Asara batacce, ƙananan injina suna lissafin kusan kashi 6% zuwa 15%, yayin da manyan injina suka ƙaru zuwa 21% zuwa 35%.Lokacin da ƙarfin ya yi girma, asarar baƙin ƙarfe ta ɓace ta wuce asarar tagulla.Wani lokaci asarar da ta ɓace ta wuce asarar tagulla da asarar ƙarfe, ya zama abu na farko a cikin asarar zafi.
1.2 R jerin 2-pole motor, auna asarar bata
Bisa ga sakamakon gwajin, ana samun rabon asarar jan karfe, asarar ƙarfe, asarar da ba ta dace ba, da dai sauransu zuwa jimillar asarar zafi PQ.Hoto na 2 yana nuna madaidaicin canjin ƙarfin motsi zuwa asarar jan ƙarfe.Matsakaicin a cikin adadi shine rabo (%) na asarar tagulla da ta ɓace zuwa asarar dumama, abscissa shine ikon motsa jiki (kW), layin da ya karye tare da lu'u-lu'u shine rabon asarar jan karfe, kuma layin da ya karye tare da murabba'ai shine. rabon asara batacce .Hoto na 2 ya nuna a fili cewa gabaɗaya, mafi girman ƙarfin motar, mafi girman adadin asarar da ba ta dace ba ga yawan asarar zafi, wanda ke kan tashi.Hoto na 2 kuma ya nuna cewa ga masu girma dabam fiye da 150kW, asarar da ba ta dace ba ta wuce asarar tagulla.Akwai nau'ikan motoci da yawa, kuma asarar da ba ta dace ba ita ce asarar tagulla sau 1.5 zuwa 1.7.
Ikon wannan jerin 2-pole Motors jeri daga 22kW zuwa 450kW.Adadin asarar da aka auna zuwa PQ ya karu daga kasa da 20% zuwa kusan 40%, kuma canjin canjin yana da girma sosai.Idan an bayyana ta hanyar rabon auna asarar da aka auna zuwa ƙimar fitarwa mai ƙima, kusan (1.1 ~ 1.3)% ne;idan aka bayyana ta hanyar ma'auni na asarar da aka auna zuwa ikon shigarwa, yana da kusan (1.0 ~ 1.2)%, na biyu na biyu Ragowar magana ba ta canzawa da yawa, kuma yana da wuya a ga canjin daidaitaccen canji na kuskuren. Farashin PQ.Sabili da haka, lura da asarar dumama, musamman ma rabon asarar da ba ta dace ba zuwa PQ, zai iya fahimtar canjin canjin dumama asarar.
Asarar da aka auna a cikin shari'o'i biyu na sama sun ɗauki hanyar IEEE 112B a Amurka
Hoto 2. Taswirar layi na rabon asarar tagulla na jan ƙarfe zuwa jimlar dumama asarar jerin R jerin 2-pole motor
1.3 Y2 jerin motoci
Sharuɗɗan fasaha sun ƙayyade cewa asarar da ba ta dace ba ita ce 0.5% na ikon shigarwa, yayin da GB/T1032-2005 ya ƙayyade ƙimar da aka ba da shawarar na asarar asarar.Yanzu ɗauki hanya 1, kuma dabarar ita ce Ps = (0.025-0.005 × lg (PN)) × P1 dabarar PN- an ƙididdige ikon;P1- shine ikon shigarwa.
Muna ɗauka cewa ƙimar ƙimar asarar da aka auna daidai take da ƙimar da aka ba da shawarar, sannan a sake ƙididdige lissafin electromagnetic, sannan mu lissafta ƙimar asarar dumama huɗu na amfani da jan ƙarfe, amfani da aluminum da amfani da baƙin ƙarfe zuwa jimlar dumama asarar PQ. .Canjin rabonsa kuma ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin da ke sama.
Wato: lokacin da wutar lantarki ta canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba, yawan amfani da tagulla da alluminium gabaɗaya yana raguwa daga babba zuwa ƙarami, yana nuna yanayin ƙasa.A gefe guda kuma, yawan asarar ƙarfe da asarar da ba ta dace ba gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa daga ƙarami zuwa babba, yana nuna haɓakar haɓakawa.Ba tare da la'akari da 2-pole, 4-pole, ko 6-pole, idan ikon ya fi wani ƙarfi, asarar baƙin ƙarfe zai wuce asarar tagulla;Haka kuma rabon asara batacce zai karu daga karami zuwa babba, sannu a hankali yana gabatowa asarar tagulla, ko ma zarce asarar tagulla.Ragewar da ya wuce 110kW a cikin sanduna 2 ya zama abu na farko a cikin asarar zafi.
Hoto 3 shi ne jadawali mai karya na rabo na asarar dumama hudu zuwa PQ don jerin Y2 4-pole Motors (zaton cewa ƙimar ƙimar asarar da aka auna daidai yake da ƙimar da aka ba da shawarar a sama, kuma ana ƙididdige sauran asarar bisa ga ƙimar) .Ƙaddamarwa shine rabon asarar dumama iri-iri zuwa PQ (%), kuma abscissa shine ikon motsa jiki (kW).Babu shakka, asarar baƙin ƙarfe sama da 90kW ya fi asarar tagulla.
Hoto 3. Taswirar layin da aka karya na rabon amfani da jan karfe, amfani da aluminum, amfani da baƙin ƙarfe da ɓarnawar ɓarna zuwa jimlar dumama asarar Y2 jerin 4-pole Motors
1.4 Littattafan sun yi nazarin rabon asara iri-iri zuwa jimlar asara (ciki har da gogayyawar iska)
An gano cewa amfani da tagulla da aluminium ya kai kashi 60% zuwa 70% na yawan asarar da ake samu a kananan motoci, kuma ya ragu zuwa kashi 30% zuwa 40% lokacin da karfin ya karu, yayin da amfani da ƙarfe ya kasance akasin haka.% sama.Ga hasarar da ba ta dace ba, ƙananan motoci suna lissafin kusan kashi 5% zuwa 10% na jimlar asarar, yayin da manyan motocin ke da fiye da 15%.Dokokin da aka bayyana suna kama da haka: wato, lokacin da wutar lantarki ta canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba, rabon asarar tagulla da asarar aluminum gabaɗaya yana raguwa daga babba zuwa ƙarami, yana nuna yanayin ƙasa, yayin da adadin baƙin ƙarfe da asarar ɓacewa gabaɗaya ke ƙaruwa daga. kanana zuwa babba, yana nuna yanayin sama..
1.5 Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na ƙimar da aka ba da shawarar na asara ta ɓace bisa ga GB/T1032-2005 Hanyar 1
Mai ƙididdigewa shine ƙimar asarar da aka auna.Daga ƙarami zuwa babban ƙarfin motar, yawan asarar da ba ta dace ba zuwa shigar da wutar lantarki yana canzawa, kuma yana raguwa a hankali, kuma canjin canjin ba karami ba ne, kimanin 2.5% zuwa 1.1%.Idan an canza ƙididdiga zuwa asarar duka ∑P, wato, Ps/∑P=Ps/P1/(1-η), idan ingancin motar ya kasance 0.667 ~ 0.967, ma'anar (1-η) shine 3 ~ 30, wato, ƙazanta da aka auna Idan aka kwatanta da rabon ikon shigar da bayanai, adadin asarar da aka yi da asarar duka yana ƙaruwa da sau 3 zuwa 30.Mafi girman iko, da sauri layin karya ya tashi.Babu shakka, idan aka ɗauki rabon asarar da ba ta dace ba zuwa jimlar asarar zafi, "maganin girma" ya fi girma.Don jerin R 2-pole 450kW motor a cikin misalin da ke sama, rabon asarar da ba ta dace ba zuwa shigar da ikon Ps/P1 ya ɗan ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙimar ƙididdigewa da aka ba da shawarar a sama, da rabon asarar ɓoyayyiya zuwa asarar duka ∑P da jimlar asarar zafi. PQ shine 32.8%, bi da bi.39.5%, idan aka kwatanta da rabon ikon shigar da P1, "ƙarfafa" kusan sau 28 da sau 34 bi da bi.
Hanyar lura da bincike a cikin wannan takarda shine ɗaukar rabon nau'ikan asarar zafi guda 4 zuwa jimlar asarar zafi PQ.Matsakaicin darajar yana da girma, kuma ana iya ganin ka'ida da canji na asara daban-daban, wato, ikon daga ƙarami zuwa babba, amfani da jan karfe da kuma amfani da aluminum Gabaɗaya, rabon ya canza daga babba zuwa ƙarami, yana nuna ƙasa. yanayin, yayin da rabon asarar ƙarfe da asarar da ba ta dace ba gabaɗaya ya canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba, yana nuna haɓakar haɓakawa.Musamman ma, an lura cewa mafi girman ƙarfin motar, mafi girman rabon asarar asarar zuwa PQ, sannu a hankali yana gabatowa asarar tagulla, ya wuce asarar tagulla, har ma ya zama abu na farko a cikin asarar zafi, don haka za mu iya fahimta daidai. doka kuma kula da rage babban motar.asara batacce.Idan aka kwatanta da rabon asarar da ba ta dace ba zuwa ikon shigar da bayanai, rabon da aka auna madaidaicin asarar zuwa jimillar asarar zafi ana bayyana shi ta wata hanya ce kawai, kuma baya canza yanayinsa na zahiri.
2. Ma'auni
Sanin ƙa'idar da ke sama yana taimakawa ga ƙira da ƙira na motar.Ƙarfin motar ya bambanta, kuma matakan rage yawan zafin jiki da asarar zafi sun bambanta, kuma mayar da hankali ya bambanta.
2.1 Don ƙananan injina, amfani da tagulla yana ƙididdige adadin yawan asarar zafi
Don haka, rage yawan zafin jiki yakamata ya fara rage yawan amfani da tagulla, kamar haɓaka sashin giciye na waya, rage adadin masu gudanarwa a kowane ramin, ƙara sifar ramin stator, da ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfe.A cikin masana'anta, ana sarrafa yawan zafin jiki ta hanyar sarrafa nauyin zafi AJ, wanda ya dace da ƙananan motoci.Sarrafa AJ shine ainihin sarrafa asarar tagulla.Ba shi da wahala a sami asarar jan karfe na stator na gabaɗayan motar bisa ga AJ, diamita na ciki na stator, tsawon rabin juyi na nada, da juriya na wayar jan ƙarfe.
2.2 Lokacin da ƙarfin ya canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba, asarar ƙarfe a hankali yana kusantar asarar tagulla
Yawan amfani da ƙarfe gabaɗaya ya zarce amfani da tagulla idan ya fi 100kW.Saboda haka, manyan motoci ya kamata su kula da rage yawan amfani da ƙarfe.Don ƙayyadaddun matakan, ana iya amfani da zanen gadon ƙarfe na siliki mai ƙarancin asara, ƙimar Magnetic na stator bai kamata ya zama babba ba, kuma yakamata a biya hankali ga madaidaicin rarraba maɗauri na kowane sashi.
Wasu masana'antu suna sake fasalin wasu injuna masu ƙarfi kuma suna rage sifar ramin stator daidai yadda ya kamata.Rarraba yawan maganadisu yana da ma'ana, kuma rabon asarar jan karfe da asarar ƙarfe an daidaita shi da kyau.Ko da yake stator current density yana ƙaruwa, nauyin thermal yana ƙaruwa, kuma asarar jan ƙarfe yana ƙaruwa, ƙarfin maganadisu na stator yana raguwa, kuma asarar baƙin ƙarfe yana raguwa fiye da asarar tagulla.Ayyukan da aka yi daidai da zane na asali, ba kawai an rage yawan zafin jiki ba, amma kuma an ajiye adadin jan karfe da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin stator.
2.3 Don rage ɓataccen hasara
Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewamafi girman ƙarfin motar, ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai don rage asarar da ba ta dace ba.Ra'ayin cewa "asara bata da yawa fiye da asarar tagulla" ya shafi ƙananan motoci ne kawai.Babu shakka, bisa ga abin lura da bincike na sama, mafi girman iko, ƙarancin dacewa da shi.Ra'ayin cewa "asara bata da yawa ta fi asarar ƙarfe" kuma bai dace ba.
Matsakaicin ƙimar da aka auna na asarar da ba ta dace ba zuwa ikon shigar da bayanai ya fi girma ga ƙananan motoci, kuma rabon yana ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da ƙarfin ya fi girma, amma ba za a iya ƙarasa da cewa ƙananan motoci ya kamata su kula da rage asarar da ba ta dace ba, yayin da manyan motoci ke yi. ba buƙatar rage asarar da ba ta dace ba.hasara.Akasin haka, bisa ga misalin da ke sama da kuma bincike, mafi girman ƙarfin motar, mafi girman rabon asarar ɓacewa zuwa yawan asarar zafi, asarar da ba ta dace ba da kuma asarar ƙarfe suna kusa ko ma wuce asarar tagulla, don haka mafi girma. da ikon mota, da karin hankali ya kamata a biya shi.Rage asara batacce.
2.4 Matakan rage asara batacce
Hanyoyin da za a rage asarar da ba ta dace ba, kamar haɓaka tazarar iska, kamar yadda asarar da ta ɓace ta kasance kusan daidai da murabba'in ratar iska;rage karfin maganadisu masu jituwa, kamar yin amfani da iska na sinusoidal (ƙananan jituwa);dace slot dace;rage cogging , The rotor rungumi dabi'ar rufaffiyar Ramin, da kuma bude Ramin high-voltage motor rungumi dabi'ar maganadisu wedge;simintin gyaran harsashi na rotor na aluminum yana rage halin yanzu, da sauransu.Yana da kyau a lura cewa matakan da ke sama gabaɗaya baya buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki masu inganci.Hakanan yawan amfani da nau'ikan yana da alaƙa da yanayin dumama motar, kamar kyamar zafi mai kyau na iska, ƙarancin zafin ciki na motar, da ƙarancin amfani iri-iri.
Misali: Wani masana'anta yana gyaran mota mai sanduna 6 da 250kW.Bayan gwajin gyare-gyare, hawan zafin jiki ya kai 125K a ƙarƙashin 75% na nauyin da aka kimanta.Sannan ana sarrafa tazarar iska zuwa sau 1.3 daidai da girman asali.A cikin gwajin da aka ƙididdige nauyin ƙima, haɓakar zafin jiki a zahiri ya ragu zuwa 81K, wanda ke nuna cikakken cewa tazarar iska ta karu kuma ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ya ragu sosai.Ƙimar maganadisu masu jituwa muhimmin abu ne don asarar da ya ɓace.Matsakaici da manyan injina suna amfani da iska na sinusoidal don rage ƙarfin maganadisu masu jituwa, kuma tasirin yana da kyau sosai.Ana amfani da iska mai kyau na sinusoidal don matsakaita da manyan injina.Lokacin da aka rage girman girman girman da girman da 45% zuwa 55% idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar asali, za a iya rage asarar da ba ta dace ba da 32% zuwa 55%, in ba haka ba za a rage hawan zafin jiki, kuma za a ƙara haɓaka., an rage amo, kuma yana iya ceton tagulla da ƙarfe.
3. Kammalawa
3.1 Motar AC mai hawa uku
Lokacin da wutar lantarki ta canza daga ƙarami zuwa babba, yawan amfani da jan ƙarfe da kuma aluminium da ake amfani da su zuwa jimlar asarar zafi gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa daga babba zuwa ƙarami, yayin da adadin baƙin ƙarfe ya ɓace gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa daga ƙarami zuwa babba.Ga ƙananan motoci, asarar tagulla tana lissafin mafi girman kaso na jimlar asarar zafi.Yayin da ƙarfin motar ke ƙaruwa, asara ta ɓace da asarar ƙarfe suna gabatowa kuma sun wuce asarar tagulla.
3.2 Don rage asarar zafi
Ƙarfin motar ya bambanta, kuma ma'anar matakan da aka ɗauka ya bambanta.Don ƙananan motoci, ya kamata a rage yawan amfani da tagulla da farko.Don matsakaita da manyan injina, ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai don rage asarar ƙarfe da ɓarna.Ra'ayin cewa "asara bata da yawa ta fi asarar tagulla da asarar ƙarfe" mai gefe ɗaya ne.
3.3 Matsakaicin asarar ɓatacce a cikin jimlar zafi na asarar manyan injina ya fi girma
Wannan takarda ta jaddada cewa mafi girman ƙarfin motar, ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai don rage asarar da ba ta dace ba.
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-16-2022